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L'exercice libéral des architectes est souvent le seul identifié. Pourtant, nombre de ces professionnels assument des missions publiques, qu'ils soient « fonctionnaires » ou non. L'ouvrage analyse ces aspects moins connus du métier en France, dans une perspective diachronique depuis le XIXe jusqu'au XXIe siècle. Quelle est la nature des échanges entre les pratiques publiques et les pratiques privées ? Quel est le sens des concepts de création et de droit d'auteur dans le cadre public ? Quel avenir pour les rares corps ou groupes d'architectes exerçant aujourd'hui des missions publiques ? Telles sont les questions principales abordées par cet ouvrage. Il explore l'actualité brûlante des pratiques architecturales, interrogeant ainsi la manière dont la société (professionnels, élus, citoyens) s'empare de son environnement et met en oeuvre la valeur d'intérêt public accordée par la loi à l'architecture.

Architects --- Architecture --- Architects in government --- Architecture --- Architectes de la fonction publique --- Architectes --- History. --- Government policy --- History. --- Politique gouvernementale --- Histoire --- Histoire

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Examines immigration as a central strategy of Scottish nation building.

Emigration and immigration --- Government policy. --- Political aspects. --- Scotland --- Écosse --- Émigration et immigration --- Politique gouvernementale. --- Aspect politique.

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In an increasing number of countries around the globe, representing all regime types, in all regions, with all levels of economic and military strength, civil society's autonomy from the state, its defining feature, is diminishing. While a variety of tools are used to restrict civil society organizations' (CSOs) independence from the state, an increasingly popular and dangerously effective vehicle for accomplishing this goal is the law. Through the passage of legislation that imposes new restrictions on the ability of CSOs to operate free from excessive government scrutiny and control, governmental actors are gaining greater control over the non-governmental sector and in ways that benefit from the veneer of legality. Perplexingly, such laws are not only appearing in countries where they might be expected - Azerbaijan, Burundi, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Russia, Zimbabwe, and countries throughout the Middle East. Indeed, they are increasingly appearing in democratic states too, including strong, fully consolidated democratic states with historically strong and independent civil society sectors: Canada, India, New Zealand, Spain, Israel, Hungary, Poland, and the US, to name just a few. Restrictive CSO laws, which are unsurprising in authoritarian-leaning states, are uniquely puzzling in the context of democratic ones, which have been the primary defenders, funders, and champions of a robust and independent civil society. This book explores this concerning and intriguing phenomenon by documenting its full scope and spread within the world's strongest democratic states and attempting to explain its occurrence. Using a combination of mixed methods - theory, process tracing, interviews, and statistical analysis - this timely analysis helps to shed light on a global phenomenon that seems to be fueling the democratic backsliding visible in an increasing number of democracies throughout the world.

E-books --- Nonprofit organizations --- Freedom of association. --- Associations sans but lucratif --- Liberté d'association. --- Government policy. --- Law and legislation. --- Politique gouvernementale.

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Comment refonder la démocratie après le nazisme ? Par où commencer dans un pays rasé, occupé et divisé ? Sur quelle expérience s’appuyer ? En 1945, une poignée d’hommes et de femmes politiques aguerris, ayant survécu à la guerre et aux persécutions, entreprit de rebâtir les institutions. Ce livre retrace le parcours de trente-quatre fondateurs de la démocratie ouest-allemande, députés élus au Reichstag avant 1933 et au Bundestag après 1949. Leur expérience de l’effondrement en 1933 et de la dictature nazie les mua en démocrates attentifs et favorisa leur engagement après 1945. Leurs récits entremêlés offrent une lecture inédite du tumultueux XXe siècle allemand. Ils témoignent de la continuité de la tradition démocratique allemande par-delà le nazisme. Cet ouvrage intéressera toutes celles et tous ceux qui s’interrogent sur la culture politique outre-Rhin, mais aussi sur la fragilité constitutive de la démocratie. How to re-establish democracy after Nazism? Where to begin in a destroyed, occupied and divided country? What experience to rely on? In 1945, a handful of trained politicians, both men and women, who had survived war and persecution, undertook the rebuilding of institutions. This book traces the path of thirty-four founders of West German democracy, representatives elected to the Reichstag before 1933 and to the Bundestag after 1949. Their experience of the collapse in 1933 and of the Nazi dictatorship turned them into attentive democrats and favoured their commitment after 1945. Their intertwined narratives offer an original interpretation of the tumult of 20th century Germany. They testify to the continuity of the German democratic tradition beyond Nazism. This publication will interest all those who have questions about German political culture, but also about the inherent fragility of democracy.

Politique et gouvernement -- Allemagne -- 1945-1949 --- Démocratisation --- Allemagne --- Allemagne -- 1918-1933 (République de Weimar) --- histoire politique --- institution politique --- politique gouvernementale --- régime politique --- Democratization --- Germany. --- Germany --- Politics and government --- History --- Political Science --- Social Issues --- démocratie --- nazisme --- reconstruction --- democracy --- Nazism

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Contributions analysant les conséquences sociales, économiques et politiques de la pandémie de Covid-19 à l'échelle mondiale. Si certains effets sont irréversibles, d'autres provoquent des ruptures à partir desquelles peuvent se développer de nouveaux modèles plus égalitaires, plus justes et plus respectueux des écosystèmes. ©Electre 2022

Covid-19 --- Évolution sociale --- Aspect social --- Aspect politique --- Aspect économique --- Aspect environnemental --- virus --- économie --- écologie --- politique gouvernementale --- changement social --- Aspect social. --- Aspect politique. --- Aspect économique. --- Aspect environnemental. --- COVID-19 (Disease) --- Social aspects. --- Political aspects. --- Economic aspects. --- Environmental aspects.